Terpenes
Cannabis terpenes serve a multifaceted role in the plant’s interaction with its users, going beyond just imparting distinctive flavors and aromas. These natural compounds significantly influence the therapeutic and psychological effects of cannabis, contributing to the plant’s overall efficacy.
By engaging with the body’s endocannabinoid system in a synergy known as the “entourage effect,” terpenes can alter or enhance the impact of cannabinoids like THC and CBD. For instance, some terpenes may promote relaxation and stress relief, while others can boost energy, focus, or mood. Additionally, research suggests terpenes possess their own unique medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, and analgesic benefits.
This complex interaction between terpenes and cannabinoids allows for a personalized cannabis experience, as each strain’s unique terpene profile can cater to specific therapeutic needs. Understanding the role of terpenes in cannabis not only deepens our appreciation for the plant’s complexity but also opens the door to more targeted and effective cannabis-based treatments.
Therapeutic Benefits of Terpenes
Terpenes play several important roles in cannabis and other plants, many of them listed above. It is their role as chemical messengers that enables them to interact with other compounds and the human body itself once we consume them. Primarily, terpenes modulate cannabis’ therapeutic and psychoactive effects by working synergistically with cannabinoids like THC and CBD to affect the human endocannabinoid system (ECS).
These interactions with cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system have been the subject of much research in recent years, and researchers have found that terpenes show the potential to exert several therapeutic effects:
Anti-Inflammatory Benefits
Pain-Relieving Benefits
Anxiety-Reducing Benefits
Mood-Boosting Benefits
Antioxidant Benefits
MYRCENE
Myrcene, often considered the most prevalent terpene in cannabis, is noted for its distinctive musky, earthy aroma that can also carry subtle hints of fruity notes, similar to cloves. It is not only found in cannabis but also in a variety of other plants, such as mango, lemongrass, thyme, and hops. This widespread terpene is a significant contributor to the characteristic scent of these plants Myrcene is particularly well-known for its sedative and relaxing effects, which is why strains high in myrcene are often recommended for use during the evening or before sleep. It is believed to enhance the intoxicating effects of THC, potentially making it more effective at lower doses. Beyond its impact on mood and perception, myrcene also exhibits potential therapeutic benefits, including anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain-relieving) properties. This makes it of interest not only to those seeking relief from tension and insomnia but also for individuals dealing with chronic pain and inflammation.
Strains containing Myrcene: Blue Dream, Blue Cheese, Critical Mass & Grandaddy Purple
Limonene
Limonene is a citrus-scented terpene found not only in cannabis but also in the peels of citrus fruits like lemons, oranges, and limes. Its aroma is characterized by bright, zesty notes that evoke a sense of freshness and vitality. Limonene is prized for its potential mood-enhancing and stress-relieving properties, often contributing to the uplifting and energizing effects of certain cannabis strains. Beyond its aromatic allure, limonene is being researched for its potential therapeutic benefits, including anti-anxiety, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, limonene has shown promise in supporting gastrointestinal health and promoting weight loss. Its diverse range of potential health benefits and invigorating aroma make it a sought-after terpene in both cannabis and aromatherapy practices.
Strains containing limonene: Durban Poison, Jack the Ripper, Sour Diesel
Eucalyptol
Eucalyptol, also known as cineole, is a terpene predominantly found in eucalyptus trees, but it also appears in smaller quantities in certain cannabis strains. It is characterized by a distinctive minty, cooling aroma reminiscent of eucalyptus, making it a popular component in cough syrups, mouthwashes, and topical ointments. Eucalyptol is praised for its potential medicinal benefits, including its ability to help clear nasal congestion, combat inflammation, and act as a pain reliever. Additionally, it has shown promise in studies for its cognitive-enhancing properties and as a potential treatment in managing diseases like Alzheimer’s due to its effects on brain function. In cannabis, the presence of eucalyptol can contribute to a refreshing, invigorating sensory experience, alongside possible therapeutic benefits, particularly in respiratory and anti-inflammatory contexts.
Strains containing Eucalyptol: Super Silver Haze, Dutch Treat & Jolly Rancher
Linalool
Linalool is a terpene known for its pleasant floral aroma, reminiscent of lavender with subtle hints of spice. Predominantly found in lavender but also present in other plants like mint, cinnamon, and some fungi, linalool is prized in the perfume and cosmetic industries for its scent and potential calming effects. In cannabis, linalool is believed to contribute to the soothing and anti-anxiety properties of certain strains, making it a favorite among users seeking relaxation or help with stress and anxiety. Additionally, linalool has been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory, anti-epileptic, and analgesic properties, indicating its broader therapeutic potential. Its presence in various essential oils underscores its longstanding use in traditional herbal medicine for promoting sleep and relaxation.
Strains containing linalool: Amnesia Haze, LA Confidential, Lavender
Pinene
Pinene is a prominent terpene found in cannabis that exudes a refreshing aroma reminiscent of pine and fir trees. This terpene is not exclusive to cannabis; it’s also abundant in pine needles, rosemary, basil, and dill. Pinene comes in two isomers: alpha-pinene, which has a strong pine scent, and beta-pinene, which carries a somewhat milder, herbal fragrance. Known for its potential therapeutic benefits, pinene is studied for its anti-inflammatory and broncho-dilatory properties, making it potentially beneficial for respiratory conditions like asthma by helping open airways. Additionally, pinene is believed to counteract some of the cognitive and memory deficits associated with THC, thereby promoting alertness and aiding memory, which adds a fascinating layer to its appeal in both medicinal and recreational cannabis uses.
Strains containing pinene: Grape Ape, Pineapple OG, Jack Here
Humulene
Humulene – formerly known as α-caryophyllene, is a terpene with a subtle earthy, woody aroma that is reminiscent of hops or coriander. Humulene is found not only in cannabis but also in hops, sage, and ginseng. It has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. In cannabis, humulene contributes to the scent profile of some strains and is noted for its appetite suppressant effects, differing markedly from other terpenes that might promote appetite. This makes humulene unique among terpenes for its potential role in weight management. Its presence in both hops and cannabis highlights the botanical connection between these plants, enhancing the depth of flavors and effects experienced by users.
Strains containing large amounts of Humulene: Sour Diesel, White Widow & Girl Scout Cookies
Caryophyllene
Caryophyllene, also known as beta-caryophyllene, stands out among terpenes due to its unique ability to interact directly with the endocannabinoid system, specifically binding to the CB2 receptor. This chemical interaction is believed to offer potential antiinflammatory and analgesic benefits without psychoactive effects. Caryophyllene imparts a distinct spicy, peppery scent that can also be found in black pepper, cloves, and cinnamon. Its presence in cannabis contributes to the spicy, woody undertones in the aroma profiles of certain strains. Beyond its therapeutic potential in reducing pain and inflammation, caryophyllene is also being studied for its possible benefits in treating anxiety and alcohol withdrawal symptoms. This multifaceted terpene is appreciated not only for its aroma and flavor but also for its potential health-promoting properties.
Strains containing caryophyllene: Candyland, Cookies and Cream, Death Star
Ocimene
Ocimene is a lesser-known terpene in cannabis, recognized for its sweet and herbaceous aroma with subtle citrus and woody undertones. Found not only in cannabis but also in a variety of other plants like mint, parsley, orchids, and mangoes, ocimene is noted for its fresh, uplifting scent. In terms of effects, ocimene is thought to contribute to the therapeutic properties of cannabis by offering anti-inflammatory and antifungal benefits. It may also play a role in the plant’s defense mechanisms against environmental threats. The presence of ocimene in certain cannabis strains is associated with uplifting effects, potentially aiding in congestion relief and the promotion of clear breathing. This terpene adds a complex layer to the bouquet of cannabis strains, enhancing their aromatic diversity and therapeutic potential.
Strains containing ocimene: Clementine, Dutch Treat, Amnesia
Bisabolol
Bisabolol, also known as alpha-bisabolol, is a terpene known for its delicate, sweet floral aroma that closely resembles chamomile, from which it is commonly derived. This gentle, soothing scent has made bisabolol a popular ingredient in cosmetics, particularly in skincare products, due to its perceived skin-healing properties. In cannabis, bisabolol is valued not only for its pleasant fragrance but also for its potential therapeutic benefits. It is believed to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-irritant, and antimicrobial properties, which might help in soothing irritated skin, reducing inflammation, and promoting healing. Additionally, bisabolol has shown potential in enhancing the penetration of other molecules through the skin, making it beneficial in topical formulations. This terpene is a prime example of how compounds in cannabis can offer multifaceted benefits, from aroma to health-related effects.
Strains containing Bisabolol: Pineapple Express, Northern lights, Bubba Kush
Terpinolene
Terpinolene is a terpene found in cannabis that exhibits a complex aroma profile with elements of pine, floral, herb, and a slight hint of citrus. This multifaceted scent makes it a common component in soaps, perfumes, and other fragrant products. Beyond its aromatic qualities, terpinolene has potential therapeutic uses; it is known for its antioxidant properties and has been studied for its ability to induce relaxation and drowsiness, suggesting potential benefits for sleep aids. Moreover, terpinolene exhibits antimicrobial and antifungal properties, adding to its range of functional applications. In cannabis, strains high in terpinolene are often appreciated for their fresh, uplifting effects, making it a favorite among users seeking a less sedative experience. Despite being less common than some other terpenes like myrcene and limonene, terpinolene adds a unique dimension to the terpene profiles of certain cannabis strains.
Strains containing terpinolene: XJ-13, Ghost Train Haze, Jack Herer
Borneol
Borneol is a lesser-known terpene in cannabis, identified by its distinctive camphor-like aroma. It naturally occurs in several other plants, including camphor, rosemary, and mint. This terpene is traditionally valued in Chinese medicine for its soothing effects and is used as a topical analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Borneol has also been studied for its potential neurological benefits, suggesting it may help with reducing fatigue and stress. Additionally, it possesses anticoagulant properties, making it of interest for cardiovascular health applications. In the context of cannabis, borneol contributes to the aromatic complexity of certain strains and may enhance their therapeutic efficacy, particularly in providing relief from pain and inflammation, while also promoting relaxation and comfort.
Strains containing borneol: OG Kush, K13, Haze strains
Geraniol
Geraniol is a terpene known for its sweet, floral aroma strongly reminiscent of roses, which makes it a favorite in the fragrance and flavor industries. Besides its presence in cannabis, geraniol is found naturally in geraniums, lemons, and tobacco. Beyond its pleasant scent, geraniol is valued for a range of potential therapeutic effects. It has been studied for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and it shows promise as an anti-tumor agent in some preliminary studies. Geraniol is also being explored for its ability to repel insects effectively, making it useful in natural pest control applications. In cannabis, geraniol contributes to the sensory experience of certain strains, enhancing their floral notes, and may synergize with cannabinoids to potentially boost their therapeutic effects, particularly in terms of inflammation and pain relief.
Strains containing geraniol: Black Cherry Soda, Agent Orange, Harlequin
Nerolidol
Nerolidol is a terpene with a unique dual scent profile, featuring notes of both floral and woodsy aromas, akin to fresh bark and citrus flowers. It is found not only in cannabis but also in jasmine, lavender, and tea tree oil, among other plants. This terpene is known for its potential therapeutic properties, which include anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and antiinflammatory effects. Nerolidol has also attracted interest for its ability to enhance skin penetration of topical medications, making it valuable in pharmaceutical formulations. In studies, nerolidol has shown promise as an anti-parasitic agent and may have anticancer properties as well. In the context of cannabis, nerolidol contributes to the overall entourage effect, potentially enhancing the soothing and sedative effects of certain strains, making it particularly beneficial for those seeking relief from stress and sleep disturbances.
Strains containing nerolidol: Chemdawg, Skywalker OG, Blue Dream
Camphene
Camphene is a terpene found in cannabis that has a pungent, earthy aroma with undertones of damp wood and fir needles, resembling the scent profile of camphor. Beyond its distinctive smell, camphene is of significant interest due to its potential health benefits. Notably, it has been studied for its powerful antioxidant properties, and there is emerging research suggesting it might play a role in cardiovascular health by reducing triglyceride levels and cholesterol in the blood. Additionally, camphene has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antibiotic effects, which could make it useful in treating bacterial infections and inflammation-based conditions. In the context of cannabis, camphene adds to the complexity of a strain’s aroma and may contribute to the therapeutic effects, particularly in terms of inflammation and pain relief.
Strains containing camphene: ACDC, Banana Kush, Mendocino Purps
Phellandrene
Phellandrene is a lesser-known terpene in cannabis, distinguished by its minty and citrusy aroma, which also has subtle undertones of wood. Found in the essential oils of various plants like eucalyptus, water fennel, and ginger, phellandrene was once believed to be a single compound but is now understood to consist of two isomers, alpha-phellandrene and beta-phellandrene. This terpene is noted for its potential therapeutic benefits, which include traditional uses in Chinese medicine where it has been used to treat digestive disorders. Modern research suggests that phellandrene may possess anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, and it could play a role in alleviating pain and boosting energy. In cannabis, phellandrene contributes to the uplifting and invigorating effects of some strains, enhancing the overall sensory experience with its refreshing aroma.
Strains containing phellandrene: Trainwreck, Jack Herer, Ace of Spades
Valencine
Valencene is a terpene commonly found in Valencia oranges, from which it derives its name, and it imparts a sweet, citrusy aroma that is vibrant and tantalizing. This terpene is also present in smaller amounts in certain cannabis strains, where it contributes to the overall sensory profile with its fresh, orange-like scent. Valencene is celebrated not just for its appealing fragrance but also for its potential health benefits. It has shown promise in scientific studies for its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties, making it of interest for therapeutic applications. Additionally, valencene is being explored for its ability to repel insects and protect plants.
In the context of cannabis, strains rich in valencene are often sought after for their uplifting and energizing effects, which can enhance mood and aid in activities requiring mental alertness and focus